SRİ LANKA'DA ETNİK KATILIM VE ETNİK BÖLÜNMENİN TERÖRİZM ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

 Sri Lanka, birçok farklı etnik ve dinî unsuru barındıran Güney Asya’da bir ada ülkesidir. Bu unsurlar Sinhalalar, Tamiller, Burgherler, Avrupalılar, Hintliler ve Müslümanlardır. Sri Lanka'nın nüfusunun dörtte üçünü Sinhala etnik grubu oluşturmaktadır. Sinhalaların adaya 2000 yıl önce geldiği düşünülmektedir (Chalk 1998: 118-134). Tamiller, adada yaşayan en büyük ikinci etnik grup olup, ada nüfusunun %17'sini Tamiller oluşturmaktadır. Bazı akademik çalışmalar, Tamillerin adaya MÖ 500'de geldiklerini öne sürmektedir (Walter 2000: 40). Sri Lanka, birçok etnik topluluğa ev sahipliği ettiği gibi ada içinde birçok farklı dinin mensubu da yaşamaktadır. Adanın üçte ikisini Budistler, %22’sini Hindular ve Müslümanlar oluşturmaktadır (CIA 2019). Sinhala etnik grubunun mensupları genellikle adanın güney, batı ve orta kesimlerinde, Tamiller ise yoğunluklu olarak adanın kuzey ve doğu bölgelerinde yaşamaktadırlar. Tamil etnik grubu, kendi içinde iki alt gruba ayrılmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki Jaffna Tamilleri olup, adada yaşayan en eski Tamil topluluğudur. Hindistan Tamilleri ise ikinci gruptur. Hindistan Tamillerinin çoğu, Britanya Sömürge Dönemi’nde Hindistan'dan Sri Lanka'ya gelmiştir. Sömürge Dönemi’nde uygulanan birtakım yanlış politikalar, Sri Lanka’nın bağımsızlığı sonrasında ada nüfusunun büyük çoğunluğunu oluşturan Sinhalalar ve Tamiller arasında sorunlar yaşanmasına neden olmuştur (Chalk 1998: 120; Walter 2000: 25). İki etnik grup arasında yaşanan uzun zamanlı sorunların kökleri, Britanya Koloni Dönemi’ne kadar uzanmaktadır. Sri Lanka, 1948 yılında Britanya İmparatorluğu'ndan bağımsızlığını kazandı. Sri Lanka'nın bağımsızlığı sonrasında Tamiller siyasi, kültürel ve ekonomik hakları elde etme konusunda sorunlarla karşılaştılar. Sri Lanka'daki Tamil sorunun resmî başlangıcı da bağımsızlık sonrasında olmuştur. Adanın en büyük iki etnik unsuru arasındaki çatışmalar, sadece etnik farklılıklardan kaynaklanmamaktadır. Etnik farklılıklara ek olarak din, dil ve statü farklılıkları da iki etnik grup arasındaki sorunların nedenleri arasındadır. Bu çalışma, iki ana araştırma sorusuna cevap aramaktadır; “Etnik parçalanma, terörist faaliyetleri ve terör saldırılarını arttırıyor mu?” ve “Siyasi hayata etnik katılımın artması, terör saldırılarını azaltır mı?” Bu makalenin temel amacı ise “Sri Lanka’daki etnik temsil ve etnik parçalanma ile terör saldırıları arasındaki istatistiksel ilişkiyi” doğrudan incelemektir. Bu çalışma, literatürdeki etnik parçalanmanın ve etnik siyasi katılımın terör üzerinde belirleyicisi olup olmadığını soran ve farklı etnik gruplara ev sahipliği yapan ülkelerdeki terörizmin nedenlerini anlamaya yönelik araştırmalardan görece farklıdır. Bu makalede, etnisite ve terörizm arasındaki bağlantı, daha net bir şekilde incelenmektir. Bu çalışmanın ilk bölümünde, Sri Lanka'nın tarihi ve etnik gruplar arasındaki sorunun arka planı anlatılmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, konuyla ilgili akademik çalışmalarda ortaya çıkan farklı görüşler gösterilmektedir. Bu çalışma için nicel veri analizi yapılmış ve üçüncü bölümde bu veri analiz süreçleri açıklanarak veri analizinin sonuçları sunulmuştur. Dördüncü bölüm tartışma bölümü olup, verilerin analizi sonucunda elde edilen bulgular bu bölümde detaylı şekilde açıklanmaktadır.

Related Link: http://apam.ankara.edu.tr/yayinlarimiz-2/ 

Related Link 2: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bader/issue/59113/850715 

Hard and Soft Terrorism Concepts: The Case of ISIS

Nowadays, the development of technology has influenced daily life and caused many innovations. Social media, which is one of the most important developments of recent years, has increased the speed of news and people's access to information has sped up on many issues. Over the last few years, progress in technology, and especially the development of social media, has also influenced terrorist organizations. This effect has changed the methods, strategies, and visions of terrorist organizations. The technological innovations and advancements in modes of communication and social media have produced two distinct yet interrelated facets of terrorism, namely the hard and soft terrorism concepts. In this paper, I will elaborate on these two emerging concepts by taking up the case of the self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). This study is based on qualitative research methods. I analyze Google Trends to support my qualitative research. Based on this qualitative research, the paper aims to make some key observations and hopes to provide some thought-provoking analysis. 

Keywords: ISIS, The Hard Terrorism Concept, The Soft Terrorism Concept, Social Media, Media

Related Link: https://nacta.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Hard-and-Soft-Terrorism-Concepts-The-Case-of-ISIS.pdf 

The Roles and Impact of Mass Media and Social Media in Terrorism in Southeast Asia

 Southeast Asia is home to the world’s many emerging economies. Southeast Asian

countries have democratized over the years. They are rich in natural resources and

offer many opportunities for trade. However, terrorism has come to threaten the

economic opportunities in Southeast Asia in recent years.

The ghost of terrorism is a global problem. It is a ghost that has that

frightened most of the world after coordinated terrorist attacks against the United

States on 11 September 2001 resulted in the collapse of the twin towers of the

original World Trade Center in New York. Following this terrorist attack, many

governments around the world launched a war against terrorism (Güzel 2002). This

war against terrorism is still ongoing today, and has become more intense. Southeast

Asia is part of this war and is committed to the fight against terrorism. Southeast

Asian governments have indeed been suffering from terrorist threats for a long time,

as evinced by the 2002 Bali bombings in Indonesia and the Battle of Marawi in the

Philippines. The threat of terrorism in the Southeast Asian region has only grown in

scope and severity over time (Teymur 2007).

LINK: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355488994_The_Roles_and_Impact_of_Mass_Media_and_Social_Media_in_Terrorism_in_Southeast_Asia?_sg=BXTrf4kBHgwquNMtdDQJQq78Mhv4Cxd9Qa0MnaFH23LvEowXcA_lbTxbmqdrb81AbBuLTFC0-k404M-nd3jORgbcZ9H00mmk4ulJ2crN.R9J8DQuc5txCyx5TkhDMdY42jesenxR_R4u2AzKcwEJbFclq0kJ0W012YY60K9qzebGbEdWGdN0DOLvBU1bwMA

SentiStrength

 

SentiStrength is a software program that analyzes sentiment. SentiStrength gives sentiment results in three types. First, it gives us the results in binary form. In other words, it gives the sentiment results as positive or negative. Second, it gives it as a trinary. That is, the results are presented as positive, negative or neutral. Finally, it gives sentiment results as a single scale. In other words, sentiment results are given on a scale between -5 and +5. SentiStrength supports many languages such as German, English, Finnish and Turkish and is capable of sentiment analysis of texts written in these languages. The SentiStrength program is completely free.

10108 tweets about online food ordering services are analyzed with the SentiStrength program to explain this software in depth. The main problem we encounter at this stage is that the SentiStrength program only accepts documents with the ".txt" extension. If the text you want to analyze is ".xlsx" extended, you should deal with this issue first. Unfortunately, the file I would to analyse has the ".xlsx" extension. For this reason, I will first convert the section I want to examine in the excel file to .txt format. In this context, delete the sections except the section we want to analyze, and only the column we want to analyze remains in our file. In the next step, we need to remove the duplicates to avoid recounting the same tweets. In Excel, we can remove duplicates using the “Data-> Remove Duplicates” function. The logo you see marked is the logo that belongs to the "remove duplicates" function.

Then save our excel file, which we cleaned from repetitions, as unicode text (.txt). In the next step, open the SentiStrength program and select the "Analyze ALL Texts in File (each line separately)" function in the "Sentiment Strength Analysis" section.

Next, let's select the .txt file we want to analyze. Before the analysis starts, SentiStrength will ask if you want to add a header line to the resulting file, and we need to select "Yes". SentiStrength will ask us which column to use for analysis and we can directly write "1" here.

If this image occurs, it means that our analysis is complete. However, at this stage, the problem we encountered at the beginning reoccurs. The results are saved on our computer with the .txt extension.

It will be useful to copy and paste the results with .txt extension to the excel file so that we can see the results more clearly.

At the last stage, we will have an excel file with 5 columns such as positive, negative and EmotionRationale. When we look at the results, it is seen that there are many -1 and +1. -1 means not negative or neutral. +1 means not positive or neutral. Between 2 and 4 is positive and 5 is extremly positive. On the other hand, between -2 and -4 is negative and -5 is extremely negative.

Finally, we can add another column named "score" next to the negative and positive columns in the excel file and see the general sentiment result. For this process, we need to use the following formula; "=C2+D2". The results we get with this formula will give the overall result of each tweet we analyzed.

MULTICULTURALISM, NATION-STATE AND BERBER MOVEMENT IN ALGERIA

After decolonisation process, many African and Asian multicultural states designed their countries based on the nation-state model after their independence. One of the countries established based on the nation-state model was Algeria. Algeria was designed in accordance with the nation-state model due to its multicultural nature. In addition to the nation-state model, Algeria's official state ideology was determined as socialism based on Arab nationalism. The aim of the official ideo-logy was to Arabize Barbers and other cultures and ethnicities in Algeria. The Algerian regime ignored the Berber language and identity. This led to problems between the regime and the Berbers in Algeria. Because the Algerian new regime forced Berber community to adopt the Arab identity. The identity and ethnicity problems between the regime and the Berbers in Algeria still continue today.

KEYWORDS: Algeria, Berber movement, Nation-state, Multiculturalism, Algerian Army, Algerian Regime

LINK: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijshs/issue/59252/853209

The Effect Of Ethnic Participation And Ethnic Fractionalization On Terrorism in Sri Lanka

Terrorism is one of the biggest problems in the world. This problem has disturbed the people of Sri Lanka for many years. Sinhalese and Tamil, the two biggest ethnic groups of this island country, have been in conflict for many years. This study tries to analyze the Tamil issue in Sri Lanka. Besides, this study tries to reveal the causes and consequences of conflict. The main purpose of this paper is to look directly at and examine the association between ethnic participation in political life and fractionalization in Sri Lanka, and the possibility of an act of terrorism from that nation. 

Keywords: Sri Lanka, LTTE, Ethnic Participation, Ethnic Fractionalization, Terrorism

LINK: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bader/issue/59113/850715

 ISIS Religious and Extremist Propaganda on Social Media: Dictionary-Based Study of Twitter

Abstract

The world had faced with many terrorist organizations until 2014. However, after 2014, the world faced with the most complicated terrorist organization. This terrorist organization is ISIS or Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. ISIS has been running a more different propaganda campaign, emphasizing the state-building and welfare schemes run by this organization and these elements make ISIS more complicated. ISIS has been very well integrated into the new technology such as social media and smartphone and ISIS has been using them very effectively. Especially Twitter has become a major component of ISIS social media movement. Twitter was used to spread sensationalistic ISIS photos and videos across the Twitter users. While ISIS spread fear and messages on twitter, at the same time it also gained supporters. However, it is seen that ISIS’ sympathizer uses different jargons in terms of their number of followers in twitter. As a result of my research, I found that users with more followers used a stronger violence jargon on Twitter, while users with fewer followers using a softer and more religious language. Users with less followers were an emphasis on unity and religion, while users with more followers encouraging physical violence such as lone wolf attacks and killing enemy appeared more often on Twitter. Dictionary-based analysis of ISIS' and its sympathizers' tweets were performed. This dictionary-based research creates a typology to explain and categorize tweets from ISIS and its followers. For reliability, "Split-half test" was applied to the results and similar results were reached.

Keywords: ISIS, Twitter, Dictionary-Based Analysis, Propaganda

RELATED LINK: https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/isis-religious-and-extremist-propaganda-social-media-dictionary-based-study-twitter